Supplementation, to achieve hormone balance, can be magical
STRESS, NCDs, AF, IH and body temperature
The prevalence of NCDs, including Atrial fibrillation (AF), rises with stress.
Intracellular Hypothyroidsm (IH, aka Low T3 Syndrome, or LT3S), is a state of T3 deficiency in the serum. T3 deficiency causes paralysis of the brown fat, with resulting reduction of body temperature.
The graph below shows Stress and NCD deaths, increasing between 1960 and 2020. It also shows that while NCD deaths increase with stress, human body temperature falls, which is evidence of IH.

What causes AF?
As Dr Y. P. Saleeby has just reminded us, AF is associated with a number of conditions: structural heart changes (anything that stretches, scars, or remodels atrial tissue can trigger A Fib): the condition tends to occur in tandem with Hypertension, Coronary Artery Disease, prior MI, Heart Failure, Valvular disease, Congenital heart disease, Cardiac surgery, Atrial enlargement or fibrosis and as a progression from “multiple extrasystoles”, which, when unaccompanied by other aberrations, is generally regarded as a benign condition.
To my mind, the increasing prevalence of AF is a manifestation of the general trend to rising incidence of NCDs, which has been documented over the past decades and therefore, is not remarkable in itself.
As to the question of aetiology of AF, “no-one knows”: but that we should remember that the condition can result from aberrations of hormonal balance, particularly deficiencies of DHEA, Testosterone and Progesterone and aberrations of thyroid hormone balance: Here are a few references (there are many more):
DHEA
In the Rotterdam study, “subjects in the highest DHEAS quartile had an almost three times lower risk of atrial fibrillation during follow-up, compared to those in the lowest DHEAS quartile (HR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18-0.64) adjusted for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors.”
In my favourite anecdote, Herman and Herbert, non-obese men of about the same age (65 & 66), developed Multiple Extrasystoles (“MEs”). Herman took DHEA and was fine: Herbert wouldn’t take it and he went into AF, about a year later!

This is important: DHEA synthesis falls by 1% per annum after age 25, so everyone over 40 is DHEA deficient (+- a few exceptions, like Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome).
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